I’m no physicist, so I could be wrong, but I don’t think the magnitude would change, only the direction gravity pulls you in. Gravity would always want to pull you towards the center on disk-shaped planet. It might “feel” stronger the same way gravity might “feel” stronger when ascending an ever-steepening hill, though.
The answer to your question is illustrated here in the first couple minutes of this old Vsauce video
Nice additions, thanks! It’s been awhile since my college nutrition class, so maybe I’m misremembering, but is the starch found in bread, potatoes, and rice not a complex carbohydrate after all? Obviously it’ll be digested faster than dietary (insoluble) fiber, which doesn’t digest at all, but I was under the impression starches still don’t finish digesting until they’d been fermented by our gut bacteria in the small intestine.
Calories - the basic unit used to measure dietary energy. The unit used for nutrition (as opposed to Calories used in physics) are actually kilo-Calories, but they’re usually just called calories (though I think many European countries list them as “kcals”). Excess calories will be converted and stored as fat.
Glucose - a simple sugar monosaccharide (just 1 sugar component). Sugars are calorie-dense. There are other basic, simple sugars like galactose and fructose. Combining two of these simple sugars yields a disaccharide, which requires breaking down into its constituent sugars before it can be digested and absorbed, but this is done quickly. Sugars, both simple and complex, are carbohydrates. Simple sugars/carbs (mono/disaccarides) are quickly digested and absorbed into the blood stream, but complex sugars take a little longer.
Complex carbohydrates - these are long strings of sugars (polysaccharides), such as starch. As a result, they are very calorie dense (provided they can be digested by humans). They’re typically what is being referred to if someone is talking about “carbs”. Since they are strings of sugars, they require more breaking down before they can be digested than simple sugars.
Gluten - a structural protein formed mainly of the naturally-occurring glutenin and gliaden proteins found in some grains. If you add water and knead wheat flour, like in bread dough, it will form a network of these proteins into gluten. This is what gives bread its elasticity. Around 80% of all the protein in bread is gluten. Because it’s sort of a dietary buzzword, I’ll add that it’s typically perfectly safe to consume unless you’ve been directed by a doctor to avoid it; avoiding it will produce no health benefits at all for the vast majority of people. There is some debate on whether gluten sensitivity truly exists outside of celiac disease (which is autoimmune in nature). Triple-blind experiments where subjects who claimed non-celiac sensitivity were given high-gluten diets, but reported no more symptoms on average than those given low-gluten or gluten-free diets. It’s possible that the true cause of intestinal discomfort for some is instead from a group of compounds called FODMAPs, which are also present in many gluten-containing grains. Follow-up experiments with diets high in FODMAPs with the same group yielded more reporting of symptoms than with the gluten.
I’ve heard that crows seem to recognize offerings made to them and respond well. Try going outside and, while in their sight (not too close, though), present some food to them where they can see it, carefully place it on the ground, and slowly back away out of sight once more. You may have to do this for multiple days or maybe even weeks, not sure. Otherwise, you can take solace in the fact that nesting season will probably be over shortly as crows usually only raise 1 brood a year. They also don’t usually reuse nests, but have been known to build on top of prior successful nests.
You should post an update somewhere in a week or two because this is pretty interesting!
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For real though, they aren’t unlike many other fundamentalist sects across different religions, so one going in should expect pretty strict adherence to their interpretation of biblical doctrine. That’s one of the things they’re famous for, besides the no technology, raising barns, and building quality wooden furniture. Nowadays, there’s a bit of flexibility regarding technology depending on which Amish community you live in, especially if it’s to promote an Amish business, but there are still limits. All that being said, most newcomers who leave do cite the religious aspects as growing tiresome over time.
But it’s not like the Amish are the kind of people who won’t let you leave or anything, they’re actually pretty big on the idea that one has to want to be a part of the Amish church and that it can’t be forced on anyone; they even have that Rumspringa thing where kids are sent out into modern society at 16 until they decide whether they want to formally join the church or not. They don’t believe in evangelism of any kind. I can’t claim to be any kind of expert, though, I’ve just had a personal fascination with them for awhile.
I didn’t intend for my first comment to come off that way, but I believe everything I’ve said is factual.
P.S.
I’ll add for OP that I’m not sure how your goal of continuing your math studies would mesh with the Amish community. Assuming you’d be attending some sort of higher education outside of the community to earn a degree, I’m not sure how they’d perceive that. The Amish do their own schooling and don’t offer classes at that level because they’re actually against higher education in most communities, plus a university would probably be too far for a horse and buggy, so you’d most likely need a car. In fact, it was actually by Supreme Court decision that allowed the Amish to stop education at 8th grade. They might feel you weren’t fully committed to the lifestyle.
If you were to stay after you earned your degree, what would you use it for? You’d likely have a job making furniture, doing some other handicraft, or farming. Your only option to use your advanced math skills would be to get a job in the non-Amish world, which might also ruffle some feathers. Hard to say for sure, though. I think even the more orthodox Mennonites are also a little more open to higher education, though, but I could be wrong.
Then again, you could still totally just get a degree, join whatever church you want, and live however rustically you choose.
The Amish tend to be pretty insular communities that have had the same extended families for generations, so being truly accepted might take a few years. Most “English” people who join tend to return to ordinary life within that time after the charm of the rustic lifestyle wears off. You’d also be required to learn Pennsylvania Dutch, as well as abide by all the other community rules, of course. Some Mennonite communities live pretty similar lifestyles, but are a little more relaxed in terms of strictness, so you may find them more forgiving, especially if it’s to continue studies.
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Trump did make that cryptic statement “… the lights of Caracas were largely turned off due to a certain expertise that we have.” General Dan Caine said that US Cyber Command and Space Command “began layering different effects” to “create a pathway” for US forces. Not surprisingly, they did not elaborate on what those were, but we can be certain cyber warfare played a role.
The CIA first dropped a team into Venezuela in August, got an informant close to Maduro, and spec ops forces created a replica of the building Maduro would be in, which they drilled in repeatedly. So yes, months of preparation.
Since you asked and I haven’t seen anyone else answer, the most recent parallel to the Maduro situation is the 1990 capture of Manuel Noriega, the military leader of Panama. All around, it was a pretty similar situation. Just like Maduro, Noriega was accused of using Panama as a drug shipping hub and of being a dictator by the US. Relations deteriorated until in late 1989, Panama declared they were “at a state of war” with the US, prompting George H W Bush to launch a ground invasion into Panama with one of the goals being the capture of Noriega, which was achieved within a few weeks in early 1990. He was then flown to the US to face a trial over his drug charges and was held in prison until 2010, though he was then extradited to France and later Panama, where he spent his final 6 years in prison.
Like Maduro, while the capture was ostensibly over drug trafficking concerns, it was largely to further US interests in Panama and Central America as a whole. Namely, it was to gain outsized control over the running of the Panama Canal for the US and grant them special perks such as reduced costs to send goods through, something that saved US companies billions every year. Additionally, it allowed as many as 14 military bases to be established in the area.
Here’s a really fantastic and very thorough comparison between the two that goes into much more detail. https://brendonbeebe.substack.com/p/comparison-of-us-capture-of-nicolas
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The first thing I’ll say is to consider putting it off until you’re older.
That being said, if you don’t know anyone who smokes, you might find it difficult to get some yourself. Your best bet would be to make friends who already have those connections. Many dealers won’t respond if you can’t name a customer that referred you. That might be the biggest hurdle to start with if you aren’t willing to start conversations. Ask classmates about the stoners around school if you can’t think of anyone.
If you manage to make those friends who connect you, though, the actual exchange with a dealer is usually pretty chill. You meet at an agreed upon spot (perhaps a park or something, maybe their house, etc.), and you hand over the money and they hand over the weed. Then you go home. You can show up with a friend if you want, but it’s best practice to let the dealer know that before you show up. A first text might go something like, “Hey, my name is ___. Would it be cool if I bought a dime ($10 worth, often 1 gram)/dub ($20)? I got your number from ___. Would you be down to meet sometime soon?” Some more advanced dealers will offer things like dab cartridges and edibles. Weed smells, and so does paraphernalia, so be sure to keep it in an air-tight container. Don’t front money for drugs, ever. Also, be sure not to let it become too much of a habit. Limit yourself to a couple times a month, or only the weekends, etc.
A marijuana high lasts about 2-3 hours, so if you know you’ll have much more time than that, you’ll be ok. You can also go out to meet up with a friend for awhile, then both go to smoke elsewhere if their house isn’t an option. Most high-schoolers find a nearby, secluded place in some forested area to smoke in, at least where I live. Walking there and back (even while baked) is usually no big deal, unless it’s super far or something. If you don’t have a place like that nearby, any other little hidden spots you can find will probably do if they aren’t too high-key. Just be sure to clean up after yourself. Pack it in, pack it out. You might be able to smoke outside your house after your parents go to bed if you can manage your coughing. If you’re worried about the smell after smoking, smoke outside, change your clothes/put on a top layer first, and brush your teeth.
As for how to smoke, you have some options. Probably the cheapest, easiest, most concealable option would be a small pipe (I’d recommend glass). You can find cheap ones online that can be delivered to your door on websites like dhgate, if you aren’t worried about your parents opening your mail for you. There’s also bongs, joints, and vapes, which each have their own pros and cons. I’m sure there’s a million youtube tutorials for each of those options. When smoking, I think the key is to inhale properly and deeply, which may be difficult starting out. You often hear that people can’t get high their first time smoking weed, but I think this is due to improper smoking technique. I know my first time I definitely wasn’t doing it right.
I also want to add that evolution is a species-wide phenomenon over hundreds or thousands of generations, it’s not done individually.
Did I? I was thinking in the sense that when climbing a steep hill, gravity isn’t actually any stronger, you’re just fighting against it more, since you’re travelling more vertically than normal. “Vertical” on a flat disk would be basically toward the edges. Falling there would be the same as tumbling down a mountain that gradually slopes to flat ground, but you’d still experience the same gravitational pull, no?
It seems he edited his comment. “Always towards the center” means the direction of gravity, not it’s magnitude, absolutely would change. Most of the mass of a disk is towards the center, rather than the edge. That’s why gravity would pull you that way, but not with any more force than it would push you downward against the ground at the pole. As explained in the video, standing at the pole would feel totally normal (i.e. gravity is pushing straight down). At the edge, it would feel like hanging from a vertical surface (i.e. gravity is pushing sideways). If I’m not mistaken, that’s completely in line with what I said before. If anything, I suppose it’s possible gravity would be slightly weaker at the edges, just like objects in LEO don’t actually fall at quite 9.8m/s, it’ll be just a little slower, but that wasn’t covered in the first few minutes of the video, which is what the scope of my comment referred to. Without actually leaving the surface of the disk far behind, however, I’m not sure the difference would be appreciable.